External Rotation
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Rotation with the axis of the bone turning away from the body (e.g., the humerus turned outward).
Detail
External rotation (also called outward or lateral rotation) is rotation with the axis of bone away from the body, as when the humerus is turned outward. At the shoulder it is produced by the infraspinatus and teres minor and is also a function of the posterior deltoid. At the hip it is termed lateral rotation (outward), with a ROM of 45 to 60 degrees. Excessive external rotation makes some exercises (e.g., behind-the-neck press, back lat pulldown) unsafe.
Key facts
- External rotation = rotation with the axis of bone away from the body (e.g., humerus turned outward).
- Shoulder external rotators: infraspinatus, teres minor; also posterior deltoid.
- Hip lateral (outward) rotation ROM: 45 to 60 degrees.
Connections
- Internal Rotation — the opposite rotation.
- Infraspinatus — external rotator of the shoulder.
- Teres Minor — external rotator of the shoulder.
- Hip Lateral Rotators (6 Short Muscles) — produce hip lateral rotation.
Sources
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Educational content only — not medical advice. Always consult a qualified professional for individualized guidance, especially around injury, pregnancy, or medical conditions.