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Assessment

58 topics

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Assessment58 topics

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Duration

◆ Test

33 topics

Agility Tests (5-10-5 Pro Agility & T-Test)Timed change-of-direction courses — the lateral 5-10-5 and the multidirectional T-test — that measure planned change-of-direction speed (not reactive agility).

Åstrand-Ryhming Cycle Ergometer TestA single-workload, 6-minute submaximal bike test that reads VO2max off a nomogram from your steady-state heart rate, then applies an age-correction factor.

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)Pass a tiny electrical current through the body and estimate body fat from how much it resists — convenient and fast, but very sensitive to hydration, food, and exercise.

Body Mass Index (BMI) & Its LimitsWeight in kg divided by height in metres squared — a fast population screen for weight status that says nothing about body fat distribution and mislabels muscular people.

Bodyweight Squat Endurance TestPerform as many full-depth bodyweight squats as possible (free or to a set cadence/target); the count rates lower-body muscular endurance.

Standing Broad (Long) Jump TestJump forward as far as possible from a standstill with a two-foot takeoff and landing; the distance indexes horizontal lower-body explosive power.

Curl-Up (Crunch) TestCadence-paced partial sit-ups (curl-ups) done in time with a metronome until you can't keep pace or hit a cap; the count rates abdominal/core endurance and avoids the hip-flexor-loaded full sit-up.

DEXA (Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry)A low-dose X-ray scan that splits the body into fat, lean, and bone — and reports it region by region — making it a clinical/research reference standard for body composition.

Exercise & Recovery Heart RateHeart rate during exercise indexes intensity; how fast it falls afterward (heart-rate recovery) indexes fitness and autonomic health.

1.5-Mile Run & Cooper 12-Minute Run TestsTwo maximal-effort distance-running field tests — run 1.5 miles as fast as possible, or cover as much ground as possible in 12 minutes — converted to estimated VO2max by regression equations.

Girth (Circumference) MeasurementsTape-measure circumferences at standardized body sites — a cheap, accessible way to track shape change over time, even when scale weight stalls.

Grip Strength (Handgrip Dynamometry)Squeeze a calibrated handgrip dynamometer as hard as you can; the best of several trials (often summed across hands) indexes general muscular strength and is a validated marker of health and longevity.

Hydrostatic Weighing & Bod Pod (Densitometry)Estimate body fat from whole-body density — measured by underwater weighing (water displacement) or the Bod Pod (air displacement) — then convert density to %fat with the Siri equation.

Multistage 20-m Shuttle Run (Beep Test)Run back and forth over 20 m in time with audio beeps that speed up each minute; the level you reach before falling behind maps to estimated VO2max — the standard team-sport aerobic field test.

1RM (One-Repetition Maximum) TestingThe heaviest load that can be lifted once with good form through a full range — the criterion measure of dynamic muscular strength, found by a structured warm-up-and-build protocol.

Plank Hold Test (Core Endurance)Hold a forearm plank with a neutral spine for as long as possible; the time to failure rates isometric core/trunk endurance with minimal spinal loading.

Push-Up Test (Muscular Endurance)Do as many consecutive good-form push-ups as possible (men on toes, women on knees per the ACSM protocol); the count rates upper-body muscular endurance against age/sex norms.

Resting Heart Rate MeasurementBeats per minute at true rest — a simple, repeatable baseline that drops as aerobic fitness improves and feeds HR-based training-zone formulas.

Rockport 1-Mile Walk TestWalk one mile as briskly as you can, record your time and your immediate post-walk heart rate, and plug them with age/sex/weight into the Rockport equation for estimated VO2max — a gentle option for the less fit.

Shoulder Flexibility (Zipper / Back-Scratch) TestReach one hand over the shoulder and the other up the back to see if the fingers meet behind you; the gap (or overlap) indexes shoulder mobility and is scored as a distance.

Single-Leg Stance (Balance) TestTime how long someone can balance on one leg (eyes open, then optionally closed); shorter times flag impaired static balance and elevated fall risk, especially in older adults.

Sit-and-Reach Test (and Variants)Reach forward over straight legs on a sit-and-reach box; how far past the toes you reach indexes hamstring and lower-back flexibility against age/sex norms.

Skinfold Body-Fat AssessmentPinch subcutaneous fat at standardized sites with calipers and convert the sum (via a regression equation) to estimated body-fat percentage — the most common field method.

Sprint Speed Tests (40-Yard Dash & Splits)Time a maximal linear sprint over a set distance (classically 40 yards, with 10/20-yard splits) to assess acceleration and top speed.

Step Tests (YMCA 3-Minute, Queen's College)Step up and down on a fixed-height bench at a set cadence for a few minutes; your recovery (or steady-state) heart rate rates your aerobic fitness or estimates VO2max — minimal equipment required.

YMCA Submaximal Cycle Ergometer TestA graded, multi-stage bike test that nudges the rider toward 85% of max HR across 2–4 workloads, then extrapolates the HR–workload line to estimate VO2max — no max effort needed.

Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) TestTime someone rising from a chair, walking 3 m, turning, returning, and sitting; longer times indicate impaired mobility and higher fall risk in older adults.

Vertical Jump TestMeasure how high you can jump from a standstill; jump height (and equations from it) estimate lower-body explosive power.

VO2max — Direct (Laboratory) MeasurementThe gold-standard measure of aerobic capacity — maximal oxygen uptake measured by analyzing expired gases during a graded maximal exercise test to exhaustion.

Waist CircumferenceA single tape measurement around the abdomen that flags central (visceral) fat — an independent cardiometabolic risk marker that BMI misses.

Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR)Waist circumference divided by hip circumference — a quick index of fat distribution (apple vs. pear) and cardiometabolic risk.

Y-Balance TestStanding on one leg, reach the free foot as far as possible in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral); normalized reach distances and side-to-side asymmetry index dynamic balance and injury risk.

YMCA Bench Press TestBench-press a fixed light barbell (80 lb men / 35 lb women) in time with a 30-rep/min metronome until you can't keep pace; total reps rate upper-body muscular endurance against YMCA norms.

◆ Concept

17 topics

Body Composition Assessment — Methods ComparedNo method is perfect; pick by needed accuracy, access, and cost — and once you choose one, re-test with the same method, because consistency beats absolute accuracy for tracking change.

Body-Fat Percentage NormsHealthy body-fat ranges are sex-specific and rise modestly with age; women carry more essential fat than men, and both too-high and too-low values carry risk.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Norms (VO2max)Reference tables (Cooper Institute / ACSM) place a person's VO2max into percentile/category by age and sex — the basis for calling a score poor, average, or excellent and for tracking change.

Contraindications to Exercise TestingSome conditions make a maximal/exercise test unsafe right now — absolute contraindications mean don't test until resolved; relative ones mean test only with caution, clearance, or a modified protocol.

Flexibility Test Norms & InterpretationFlexibility is joint-specific, so norms are tied to a specific test (e.g., sit-and-reach) and stratified by age and sex — and "more" is not always "better."

Interpreting Assessment ResultsTranslate raw scores into meaning by comparing to norms (where you stand) and criteria (health thresholds), then frame them constructively and turn them into program targets.

Medical Clearance — When to Seek It"Medical clearance" is a healthcare provider's approval to exercise (sometimes with conditions); it is a triage outcome of screening, not a verdict that exercise is unsafe.

Muscular Endurance Norms (Push-Up / Curl-Up)Age- and sex-specific reference tables turn a raw push-up or curl-up count into a category (needs improvement → excellent); counts decline with age and differ by sex/protocol.

Muscular Strength Norms (1RM Ratios & Grip)Raw 1RM means little without context — strength norms express it relative to body weight (e.g., bench-press ratio) by age and sex, sorting results from poor to excellent.

Pre-Participation Health Screening (Overview)Before any testing or new exercise program, screen each person to find the small minority for whom exercise carries elevated cardiac risk and who need medical clearance first — without creating needless barriers for everyone else.

%1RM ↔ Repetitions Relationship TableA reference table mapping the percentage of 1RM to the number of reps most people can complete — the bridge between estimated-1RM math, load prescription, and the RM continuum.

Re-Test Cadence (How Often to Reassess)Re-test often enough to catch real change but not so often that measurement noise and short-term fluctuation drown the signal — typically every 4–12 weeks, by metric.

Signs & Symptoms Suggestive of Cardiovascular/Metabolic/Renal DiseaseThe red-flag list — chest pain, breathlessness, dizziness, swelling, palpitations, and a few others — that, if present, means stop and get medical clearance before exercising.

Test Order & Sequencing PrinciplesRun multiple tests in one session from least to most fatiguing — resting measures, then non-fatiguing skill/power tests, then strength, then endurance/cardio — so earlier tests don't contaminate later ones.

Reasons to Stop an Exercise TestStop any fitness/exercise test immediately if the person shows ischemic symptoms, abnormal blood-pressure or heart-rate behavior, neurological signs, or simply asks to stop.

Tracking Change vs. Measurement ErrorA change only counts if it exceeds the test's measurement error — so standardize conditions, know each test's noise band, and judge a re-test result against it.

Estimating VO2max — Methods OverviewWhen direct gas analysis isn't available, VO2max is estimated from submaximal HR responses, maximal field-test performance, or step-test recovery — trading accuracy for practicality.

◆ Method

8 topics

ACSM Pre-Exercise Screening AlgorithmThe professional decision tree (current since 2015) that decides who needs medical clearance based on three things — are they already active, do they have/suspect cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease, and how hard do they want to train.

Building a Baseline Assessment BatteryAssemble a screen-first set of tests covering each fitness component relevant to the client's goals, run them in a fatigue-aware order, and record everything to seed the goal→program engine.

Estimated 1RM from Submaximal RepsLift a submaximal load for as many strict reps as possible, then plug weight and reps into a prediction equation (Epley, Brzycki) to estimate 1RM without ever attempting a true max.

Estimating Maximal Heart RateWhen you can't measure HRmax directly, prediction equations estimate it from age — useful for setting zones but with wide individual error (~±10–12 bpm).

Functional Movement Screen (FMS) — OverviewA seven-task movement-quality screen scored 0–3 per task (max 21) that flags mobility/stability limitations and asymmetries to guide corrective work — a qualitative screen, not a fitness test.

Goniometry & Range-of-Motion MeasurementMeasure the actual angle a joint moves through with a goniometer (or inclinometer/app), giving an objective, joint-specific ROM in degrees to compare against normal reference values.

PAR-Q+ (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire for Everyone)A free, validated self-screening questionnaire — seven yes/no questions up front, condition-specific follow-ups if any are "yes" — that tells most people they can start activity safely and routes the few who need it to a professional or the ePARmed-X+ tool.

Setting Baselines for the Goal→Program EngineConvert assessment results into the concrete starting numbers a program needs — training loads, target HR/pace zones, and measurable goals — so the goal→program engine has real inputs, not guesses.